The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders has categorized three stages of addiction:
· Preoccupation/anticipation
· Binge/intoxication
· Withdrawal/negative affect
These stages are characterized, respectively, everywhere by constant cravings and preoccupation with obtaining the substance; using more of the substance than necessary to experience the intoxicating effects; and experiencing tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, and decreased motivation for normal life activities. By the American Society of Addiction Medicine definition, drug addiction differs from drug dependence and drug tolerance.
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